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Operation Vistula
Operation Vistula ((ポーランド語:Akcja "Wisła")) was a codename for the 1947 forced resettlement of Ukrainian minority including Boykos and Lemkos from the south-eastern provinces of post-war Poland, to the Recovered Territories in the west of the country. The action was carried out by the Soviet-installed Polish communist authorities with the aim of removing material support and assistance to the Ukrainian Insurgent Army's terror operations.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Akcja "Wisła" (Wschód) przeciw UPA )〕 The UPA killings continued until 1947 in both Subcarpathian and Lublin Voivodeships with no hope for any peaceful resolution. Operation Vistula effectively brought an end to the hostilities.〔
In three months beginning with the Soviet approval and aid,〔 about 141,000 civilians residing around Bieszczady and Low Beskids were forcibly resettled to formerly German territories, ceded to Poland at the Yalta Conference at the end of World War II.〔( The Euromosaic notes on the Ukrainian in Poland. ) European Commission, October 2006. Wayback Machine.〕 The operation was named after the Vistula River, ''Wisła'' in Polish. Some Polish and Ukrainian politicians as well as historians condemned the operation following the 1989 fall of communism in Eastern Europe, and described it as ethnic cleansing.〔Timothy Snyder, (''To Resolve the Ukrainian Question Once and for All: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ukrainians in Poland, 1943-1947.'' ) Journal of Cold War Studies, Spring 1999.〕〔Bohdan S. Kordan (1997), "Making Borders Stick: Population Transfer and Resettlement in the Trans-Curzon Territories, 1944–1949". ''International Migration Review'' Vol. 31, No. 3., pp. 704-720 (in) ''(Galicia: A Multicultured Land. )''〕 Others pointed out that no other means of stopping the violence existed at the time since partisans used to regroup outside the Polish borders.〔
During Operation Vistula conditions of the United Nations Charter of on the right of self-determination and international laws have been respected.〔 The deported farmers received financial help from the Polish government, and took over homes and farms left behind by the Germans, in most cases improving their living conditions due to increased size of newly acquired properties, brick buildings, and running water.〔 Dr Zbigniew Palski from IPN explains that identical operation was performed in Ukrainian SSR by the Soviet Union at the same time. It was dubbed "Operation West". Both operations were coordinated from Moscow; however, there was a shocking difference between their outcomes. Operation West parallel to Operation Vistula was conducted in West Ukraine by the Soviet NKVD targeting families of suspected UPA members. Over 114,000 mostly women and children were deported to Kazakh SSR and Siberia and forced into extreme poverty.〔 Only 19,000 men were among the NKVD deportees,〔 most of them sent to coal mines and stone quarries in the north. None of the people deported by the NKVD received any farms or empty homes to live in.〔
==Background==
The stated goal of the operation was to suppress the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), which had been fighting the communist Polish People's Army in the south-eastern territory of the Polish People's Republic.〔 The original codename of the operation was ''Akcja Wschód'' (Operation East), similar to Operation West (''Akcja Zachód'') conducted by the NKVD on the Soviet side of the border.〔 It is sometimes assumed that the direct cause for Operation Vistula was the March 28, 1947 assassination of the Polish communist General Karol Świerczewski in an ambush set up by UPA.〔(IPN Bulletin. Nr 11/46. ''See:'' UPA ''Chrin'' and ''Stach'' ''sotnias''. )〕 About 12 hours after the incident, the Polish communist authorities made the decision to deport all Ukrainians and Lemkos away from the embattled region. It is known, however, that preparations for Operation Vistula had started already in January 1947, if not earlier. On the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union issued an Order № 3214-1050,〔(Постановление Совмина СССР. ) Подпункт "д" пункта 5 и пункт 7 Постановления Совета Министров СССР от 10 сентября 1947 г. N 3214-1050.〕 for the deportation of all Ukrainian families of alleged UPA members to Siberia.〔 Between 1945 and 1947 over 126,000 Ukrainians were apprehended by the NKVD and almost 32,000 murdered, attesting to the continuity of the same Soviet policy from before 1947.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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